SESSION 4 2:25 p.m. Officer’s Club West
INTRODUCTION AND CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD EMITTER
Hyuntae Kwon, C. Scott Parry, Daniel R. Repko, Manuel A. Terrazas, Andrew R. Thomas (Richard W. Grow, Carl Turnblom), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The purpose of this project is to reach a high current density, low voltage, and high frequency vacuum tube. Field emitter cathodes provide several advantages compared with traditional thermionic emitter cathodes such as less heat, smaller size, and greater ease of fabrication. In addition, recent research has focused on the use of carbon nanotube structures as components in field emitter cathodes. As a prototype solution, the use of a carbon nanotube field emission vacuum tube/test diode is presented. The presentation will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of field vs. thermionic emission cathodes. The Child’s law when using carbon nanotubes for the cathodes will be reviewed. Also, the possible power and frequency that can be achieved from the use of carbon nanotube cathodes will be discussed. Finally, the application of such a vacuum tube will be discussed.
SESSION 4 2:45 p.m. Officer’s Club West
CARBON NANOTUBES AND FIELD EMISSION
C. Scott Parry, Daniel R. Repko, Manuel A. Terrazas, Andrew R. Thomas, Hyuntae Kwon (Richard W. Grow, Carl Turnblom), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
In recent years research has been conducted on how to produce terahertz frequency vacuum tubes that would operate with low power for use in new applications. In order to achieve greater efficiency and higher frequencies in vacuum tubes, the use of field emission instead of the standard thermionic emission has been investigated. Carbon nanotubes can be used in producing field emission cathodes suitable for these purposes. Carbon nanotubes are molecules made up entirely of carbon. They are in the form of tubes that can have a single wall or multiple walls. Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) have similar field emission properties to single-walled nanotubes but also are less prone to single structural defects significantly altering their properties. MWNTs can be produced using a number of different techniques, but the most cost-effective at this time is by chemical vapor deposition. The nanotubes are attached to a substrate when used as field emitters. The easiest method to accomplish this is by dispersing the nanotubes in an aqueous solution and applying this solution to the substrate and allowing it to dry. This method was used with a cylindrical copper cathode as the substrate to test the use of MWNTs in a field emission tube. It was difficult to obtain a uniform covering of the flat surface of the substrate, but sufficient uniformity was obtained to allow testing of the nanotubes in a cold-cathode field emission diode.
SESSION 4 3:05 p.m. Officer’s Club West
Daniel R. Repko, Manuel A. Terrazas, Andrew R. Thomas, Hyuntae Kwon, C. Scott Parry (Richard W. Grow, Carl Turnblom), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
Carbon nanotubes have drawn a lot of attention because of their ideal field emission properties. With a high aspect ratio, electrons are easily pulled from the carbon nanotube tips using an electric field. When applying these nano-structures to a cathode, it is possible to attain a significant amount of field emission that could be used in future development of microwave tubes. When testing this cathode in a vacuum, the carbon nanotubes demonstrate Fowler Nordheim emission behavior. The ideal current characteristics will be compared to different separations between the cathode and the anode. Current density is also greatly affected by the geometry and arrangement of each carbon nanotube in the vicinity. By aligning the carbon nanotubes on the cathode, the amount of field emission can be increased. In order to understand the field emission properties of a carbon nanotube cathode, a single point emitter will be studied. This study will be used to predict the field emissions for the cathode as a whole.
SESSION 4 3:25 p.m. Officer’s Club West
DESCRIPTION OF TEST DIODE AND PROSPECTIVE TERAHERTZ VACUUM TUBE DESIGNS UTILIZING CARBON NANOTUBES
Manuel A. Terrazas, Andrew R. Thomas, Hyuntae Kwon, C. Scott Parry, Daniel R. Repko (Richard W. Grow, Carl Turnblom), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
During this project observations were made for the characteristics of the test diode used to test carbon nanotubes. The ionization gage is an instrument used for measuring vacuum by ionizing the gas and the molecules to measure the ion current. In the hot-filament ionization gage, the filaments are heated by a certain voltage in which it reduces the amount of ions inside the vacuum to create a much cleaner vacuum tube. In the cold-cathode ionization gage, a high voltage is applied between two electrodes. The range in which tests were made for the test diode carbon nanotube was about 10^-6 militorr. Other possible vacuum tubes are observed in which they have potential power output within the Terahertz frequency range. The bandwidth of a broadband Traveling Wave Tube Amp can be as high as one octave, although tuned (narrowband) versions exist; operating frequencies range from 300 MHz to 50 GHz. The Nanoklystron is a monolithically fabricated reflex klystron with dimensions in the micrometer range. The goal is to operate this device at much lower voltages than would be required with hot-electron sources and at much higher frequencies than have ever been demonstrated.
SESSION 4 3:45 p.m. Officer’s Club West
TESTING PROCEDURE AND RESULTS FROM THE CARBON NANOTUBE CATHODE
Andrew R. Thomas, Hyuntae Kwon, C. Scott Parry, Daniel R. Repko, Manuel A. Terrazas (Richard W. Grow, Carl Turnblom), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) provide a way to increase current production and power output for terahertz vacuum tubes. The CNTs were tested at various anode to cathode gap distances for both short and long CNTs. Results from the trials show that both short and long CNTs tend to clump together and fall off the cathode while voltage is being applied across the cathode. Clumping reduced the maximum output current density as fewer electrons were propagating to the anode. This phenomenon was observed in all of the trials. In some trials, the clumping caused a short and prevented current measurements. In other trials, clumping caused the output current to not correlate with predictions given from the Fowler-Nordheim equation. The currents given from the equation vary anywhere from 90 to 700 milliamperes depending on the gap distance, whereas the measured current from testing varied anywhere from 10 microamperes to 1 milliamperes. These measurements were the same roughly for both short and long CNTs.
SESSION 5 1:45 p.m. Officer’s Club North
BROADCAST ANTENNA DESIGN USING NUMERICAL ELECTOMAGNETIC CODE
Eric J. Lundquist, Trevor R. Spencer, David H. Arbuckle, Brittany A. Rhodes, Amanda Mercer (Om P. Gandhi), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
Using Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC), an antenna was designed to fit certain specifications provided by the clinic sponsor. Various options such as the mononpole, T-antenna, L-antenna, and umbrella antenna were analyzed at a center frequency of 1 MHz. Simulations took place which provided data pertaining to several antenna characteristics, such as the gain, radiation pattern, voltage, impedance, and efficiency of each antenna design. Because radials can be used to increase antenna efficacy, a derivation of the effect of radial systems on ground resistance was set forth, wherein values for effective ground conductivity were obtained and then implemented in the NEC simulations. The corresponding data was then used to compare various antenna designs, and it was recommended that the L-antenna best satisfied the desired parameters.
SESSION 5 2:05 p.m. Officer’s Club North
MONOPOLE ANTENNA
Trevor R. Spencer, David H. Arbuckle, Brittany A. Rhodes, Amanda Mercer, Eric J. Lundquist (Om P. Gandhi), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
In order to ensure the simulation accuracy of the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) antenna modeling software, modeling of a standard monopole antenna was performed and radiation patterns and impedances compared to those obtained through conventional testing and calculations. Prior to modeling a specific real impedance value of 50Ω’s was chosen and antenna length values and radiation patterns calculated for reference, then the antenna modeled and the data compared. All calculations and models were based on perfect ground. The values obtained were based on lengthening the monopole antenna until the antenna impedance matched the input impedance of 50Ω’s. Once appropriate impedance values were obtained, the imaginary impedance value, or the reactance, was reduced to zero using a matching network. Hand calculations were performed and compared to values obtained using the NEC software. Alternative means of network matching were explored to shorten antenna length and achieve desired results simultaneously.
SESSION 5 2:25 p.m. Officer’s Club North
TEE ANTENNA
David H. Arbuckle, Brittany A. Rhodes, Amanda Mercer, Eric J. Lundquist, Trevor R. Spencer (Om P. Gandhi), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The tee antenna was considered as a possible broadcast antenna to replace a 165-ft monopole for a 0.55-1.65 MHz range. It was compared to the umbrella and inverted-L antennas using Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC). Modeling was done for sets of 4, 40, and 120 radials on ground conductivities of 0.002 S/m and 0.005 S/m. An effective conductivity for these radials was also modeled. Following the suggested method, the antenna was matched to a 50 ohm line by its length, then the reactance was removed with a capacitor. The tee antenna gave high gain at its maximum when simulating for real conditions. However, the gain is minimal in the direction perpendicular to the two horizontal branches of the tee antenna because of destructive interference. This tee antenna is ideal for use in a region where the desired broadcast range is only in two directions, i.e. north to south. This antenna was also very large: 0.837λ. A shorter tee antenna was modeled using two elements in a matching network. This gave a lower gain but a much better angle. The antenna is a lot shorter (0.167λ) and broadcasts equally in all directions. This causes efficiency loss for an antenna this short. This is a good option for a more cost-efficient antenna.
SESSION 5 2:45 p.m. Officer’s Club North
UMBRELLA ANTENNA
Brittany A. Rhodes, Amanda Mercer, Eric J. Lundquist, Trevor R. Spencer, David H. Arbuckle (Om P. Gandhi), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The umbrella antenna has been investigated as a solution to minimize the size of a previously built telescoping monopole antenna that stands 165 feet tall. Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) was used to model the umbrella antenna at different lengths, as well as creating matching networks with both one and two elements to reach an impedance of 50 ohms. Various numbers of radials, 4, 40, and 120, were also studied to see the effects of the gain at 50 meters and 75 meters in length. The main focus was to calculate the effective conductivity to use in place of the radials then compare the gain and far field plots to other simulations that used poor and good ground conductivities such as 0.002 S/m and 0.005 S/m. In conclusion, the umbrella antenna is not a good solution to replace the current telescoping antenna because it is not a good broadcasting antenna that radiates upward for communication systems due to radiation shielding.
SESSION 5 3:05 p.m. Officer’s Club North
INVERTED-L ANTENNA
Amanda Mercer, Eric J. Lundquist, Trevor R. Spencer, David H. Arbuckle, Brittany A. Rhodes (Om P. Gandhi), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
In order to reduce the load-out weight and volume of a previously built antenna at 165 ft tall with a mast that weighs 425 lbs and has a matching network at the base of 30 cubic ft way, various investigations were studied and simulated in Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC). The first investigation was to develop an Inverted-L Antenna that could be used in ground communications over the full AM broadcast band of 530 to 1700 kHz. This antenna would be a matched network with an impedance of 50 + j0 ohms, and was accomplished by creating a 25-m vertical mast and attaching a horizontal arm that would be adjusted to give the desired impedance. To make it a matching network, the impedance was then adjusted with a capacitance value to cancel out the imaginary part. The simulations of the matching network gave very tolerable gains of 1.77dBi to 3dBi, enough to broadcast communications.
The second investigation was to develop a raised ground plane; this was done with the idea of adding radials and changing the ground conductivity. With the addition of the radials, the idea is that current induced into the radiating part of the antenna will create a low resistance and little ohmic losses. For this study, the simulations used 4, 40, and 120 radials at both 50 m and 75 m in length, and conductivities of 0.002 S/m for mountain terrain and 0.005 S/m for cities. With the additions of the radials, it was found that the gains decreased in value but were still adequate enough to be used. The next step was to find the effective conductivities to see what difference it would make when it was used instead of the radials. With this investigation it was seen that the effective conductivities increased the gain, making the Inverted-L a very good choice to use for broadcasting. From all of the Inverted-L simulations, it was compared to a simple Monopole antenna to ensure that the results received were accurate to ascertain a reasonable solution.
SESSION 6 12:25 p.m. Officer’s Club South
MIL-STD-1553 PROCESSOR OVERVIEW AND TESTING FRAMEWORK
Thomas Dixon, Sasha Rajcevich, Steven Tomer, Sei Nyoung Lee, David M. Evans (Chris Myers), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The Common Aircraft Portable Reprogramming Equipment (CAPRE) is a hardware and software system that is lightweight and provides a system to transfer programs and files from a field laptop to devices, located on military aircraft, known as Line Replaceable Units (LRUs). A small device, called a 1553 Interface Module (1553IM), acts as a bridge between the laptop and LRUs connected on a Military Standard 1553 bus (MIL-STD-1553). Communication through the 1553IM is accomplished by a DDC chip which sends and receives data messages to the MIL-STD-1553 specification. The DDC chip is expensive and becoming obsolete. The goal of this project is to create a 1553 processor that functions on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and can perform functions across the MIL-STD-1553 bus. Because of the breadth of the project, we are testing the design using several different VHDL testing frameworks. This allows us to verify the operation of several different components by simulation rather than in hardware, which provides much more visibility.
SESSION 6 12:45 p.m. Officer’s Club South
MIL-STD-1553 Memory Interface Logic and Datapath
Sasha Rajcevich, Steven Tomer, Sei Nyoung Lee, David M. Evans, Thomas Dixon (Chris Myers), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
In order to allow independent access to the registers and memory between the USB (host processor) on one side and the 1553 processor on the other side, dual-ported registers and dual-ported memory were used in the design of the 1553 processor. MIL-STD-1553 Memory Interface Logic is the Finite State Machine module implemented inside of the 1553 processor that provides complete interface between the USB (host processor) on one side and dual-ported registers and dual-ported memory on the other side. Memory Interface Logic allows the USB (host processor) to write 8-bit data into the 16-bit registers and memory of the 1553 processor, and it also allows read operation of the 16-bit data from the memory and registers. Connection between the USB (host processor) and Memory Interface Logic has been obtained through bidirectional bus, which is used to transfer data and addresses.
Datapath of the 1553 processor has been designed to support specific instruction set of the 1553 processor and standard CPU instructions such as JMP (Jump), CAL (Call), and RTN (Return). Datapath of the 1553 processor consists of the following modules: Registers, ALU, Call Stack, Instruction Register, and various MUX-s that control data flow between datapath modules.
SESSION 6 1:05 p.m. Officer’s Club South
MIL-STD-1553 Processor Control and Implementation
Steven Tomer, Sei Nyoung Lee, David M. Evans, Thomas Dixon, Sasha Rajcevich (Chris Myers), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The MIL-STD-1553 bus requires a bus controller, which acts as a master in a master/slave relationship on the bus. The bus controller implemented in our FPGA contains a unique microprocessor, which has an instruction set dedicated to packetizing, logging, and sending messages across the MIL-STD-1553 bus. The instruction set includes messaging, instruction workflow, signaling, timing, and logging instructions.
As a component in a much larger project, a testing framework was developed in order to verify operation of the various components in the datapath, and that the state machine operating within the controller works correctly. After implementation, the instructions available to the 1553 processor were tested in simulation to ensure correct operation.
SESSION 6 1:25 p.m. Officer’s Club South
MIL-STD-1553 BUS STANDARD AND ENCODER/DECODER TO PROCESSOR COMMUNICATION
Sei Nyoung Lee, David M. Evans, Thomas Dixon, Sasha Rajcevich, Steven Tomer (Chris Myers), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
In this clinic project, the CPU and an Encoder/Decoder device is required to communicate between computer and line replaceable units (LRUs). A MIL-STD-1553 bus is a serial bus that can help to communicate with the CPU and LRUs. The bus controller and the remote terminal are necessary to communicate with each other through the MIL-STD-1553 protocol. The data for communication need to be encoded and decoded using a Manchester II code according to the MIL-STD-1553. Generally, the data which are 16 parallel bits from the CPU have to be encoded and sent to the LRUs. Later, the corresponding data which are 20 serial bits coming in from the LRU would be decoded to send them back to the CPU. The simulated VHDL code for the Encoder/Decoder device is functioning correctly. This Encoder/Decoder device can now be combined with the CPU to build a complete communication device on a FPGA.
SESSION 6 1:45 p.m. Officer’s Club South
MIL-STD-1553 Serial Bus Encoder/Decoder Implementation
David M. Evans, Thomas Dixon, Sasha Rajcevich, Steven Tomer, Sei Nyoung Lee, (Chris Myers), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
In order to create a communications link between a computer and a MIL-STD-1553 data bus, an encoder/decoder (E/D) is needed. The main purpose of the E/D is to get 16 parallel bits into/from the 20-bit 1553 word format, which includes a synchronization field, 16 data bits, and an odd parity bit in Manchester II bi-phase encoding. The E/D also has multiple error checking features and message timing that is described in the MIL-STD-1553 protocol requirements. All of the requirements to run the communications link were met by coding the E/D in VHDL and loading it onto an FPGA. The E/D VHDL code has been shown to be functional in simulation.
SESSION 7 3:45 p.m. Officer’s Club North
Introduction to RESTORE
Robert Parry, Chris Benson, John Flores, Dustin Maas, Luke Hoffmann (Ajay Nahata), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The primary objective of this project is to create a detector circuit that will sense a recloser trip. A recloser works like a common breaker box and, when tripped, will cut power to the rest of the transmission line. The circuit measures the vibrations on the recloser from the trip, analyzes the signal to determine if it is a trip or just noise, and then will inform Rocky Mountain Power of the issue. We developed a system that uses a piezoelectric and a fast-Fourier transformer (FFT) to measure and analyze the signal from the recloser and output an appropriate notification signal.
SESSION 7 4:05 p.m. Officer’s Club North
Possible Solution and cost/benefit analysis
Chris Benson, John Flores, Dustin Maas, Luke Hoffmann, Robert Parry (Ajay Nahata), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
We investigated several methods for identifying recloser trips, including magnetic field sensors, acoustic sensors, and sequence time domain reflectometry (STDR). While magnetic field sensors have the ability to provide reliable and consistent results regardless of recloser variation, many obstacles such as high sensor cost, relatively high power consumption for an isolated system, and difficulty in differentiating between multiple-phase lines dissuaded us from this method. A STDR system has a clear advantage in that it is immune to all outside noise and weather and very few units would need to be installed and maintained, but it is the only system that would require de-energization of the entire power system in order to couple new equipment directly to the high-voltage transmission lines. Additionally, interconnected distribution systems could severely complicate data interpretation using STDR. We decided to pursue an acoustic sensor system because it allows for the use of inexpensive components, waveforms can be used to distinguish between different events, and the system's power requirements are low (due largely to the fact that the same sensor used for data acquisition can also be used as a passive wake-up trigger).
SESSION 7 4:25 p.m. Officer’s Club North
Testing component choice and data analysis
John Flores, Dustin Maas, Luke Hoffmann, Robert Parry, Chris Benson (Ajay Nahata), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The primary objective of the Rocky Mountain Power clinic project is to detect trips in a recloser and record the activity for reliability analysis on the transmission line. By using an accelerometer or piezoelectric device, we found we are able to convert pressure or force into an electric signal, analyze the recorded signal, and determine the characteristic frequencies of a pre-trip and a real-trip necessary for further analysis. Frequency response and sensitivity are the two main parameters we considered in order to select the appropriate sensing device.
SESSION 7 4:45 p.m. Officer’s Club North
data use, simulink and demonstration
Dustin Maas, Luke Hoffmann, Robert Parry, Chris Benson, John Flores (Ajay Nahata), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
Using the frequency “signatures” identified for each recloser event, we developed an algorithm to take an input signal and categorize it as a pre-trip, real-trip, or ambient noise. We then developed a Simulink model to simulate the use of the algorithm in hardware and test its viability.
SESSION 7 5:05 p.m. Officer’s Club North
reliability of system, first generation hardware, and future work
Luke Hoffmann, Robert Parry, Chris Benson, John Flores, Dustin Maas (Ajay Nahata), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
When a recloser trips, the acoustic signal detected by the piezoelectric device is transmitted to a signal processing board that analyzes the input and determines if it was generated from a real trip, pre-trip or noise. We selected a mixed signal microcontroller processing board, Texas Instrument’s MPS430, because of its low power consumption, size, and capability to perform the required signal analysis. We initially developed a MATLAB™ Simulink model in order to develop the code for the MPS430. I will discuss the current Simulink code’s reliability to detect true pre-trip and real trip conditions by running Bernoulli trials. Furthermore, I discuss key physical parameters of the MPS430 that make it suitable for the task.
SESSION 8 12:25 p.m. Officer’s Club North
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND COMPONENTS OF A GPS TRACKING SYSTEM
Robert I. McNeal, Jim Bullough, Trevor W. Meier (Cameron Charles), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
In the development of a GPS tracking system, components had to be chosen to fit onto a PCB board as well as meet design requirements provided by Sandia National Laboratories. The design requirements include low power, the size of the board, compatibility with other boards made by Sandia, and have a way to store and retrieve the data. Using a MSP430F1611 for a microcontroller, the different parts are to be interfaced together. The GPS unit to provide the information was chosen to be Nemerix’s NB2030. We also had to be able to track where we were going if there was no GPS signal, and a digital compass and 3-axis accelerometer were included on the board to perform this function. A memory chip of 1MB was chosen to store data. A mini USB was placed on the board to get data off as well as an alternative power source. Other components include a way to program the MSP430 microcontroller, a switch for choosing where power comes from, a voltage regulator, and some passive components.
SESSION 8 12:45 p.m. Officer’s Club North
Construction and Fabrication of GPS unit
Jim Bullough, Trevor W. Meier, Robert I. McNeal (Cameron Charles), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The design and fabrication of the GPS unit was done using the Eagle Printed Circuit Board software. Preparation for designing the GPS unit involved choosing the separate components to be used, finding a manufacturer or company that had the parts in stock, ensuring that the parts did not violate the rules of the software or the specifications of the project, and designing the footprints to put onto a circuit board. First, a schematic was made without consideration to space or performance, after which the board layout was designed. After several revisions and exchanging of parts in order to optimize space and functionality while assuring the circuit would still function as designed, the parts were routed according to the design of the schematic and a number of Gerber files were prepared and sent to Sierra Proto Express to build and assemble five boards that would be used to test.
SESSION 8 1:05 p.m. Officer’s Club North
TRACKING USING GPS AND DEAD RECKONING
Trevor W. Meier, Robert I. McNeal, Jim Bullough (Cameron Charles), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
There are times when it may be very important to be track the path an object took to get from one location to another. Sandia National Laboratories needed a device to do just that. Sandia National Laboratories develops science-based technologies that support our national security. The objects they needed to track were highly sensitive. The best method to track an object’s path is to use a GPS device. A GPS device can be used to retrieve the latitude and longitude of the current location of the device. The only problem with using GPS is that there will be times when a GPS signal is not available. An accelerometer and a digital compass where used in order to continue tracking the path of the device when no GPS signal was available. With these components, the direction and velocity was computed. This in turn was used to compute the device's latitude and longitude. This entire device was built on a small circuit board. A microprocessor was used to run the programming and to communicate with the GPS, accelerometer, digital compass, and the memory chip used for storing the data. This device meets all of Sandia's requirements for tracking an object.